Definition

Back pain refers to discomfort, stiffness, or aching in the lower, middle, or upper back. It may arise from muscles, joints, discs, nerves, or structural issues within the spine.

Prevalence

One of the most common medical complaints worldwide. Up to 80% of adults experience significant back pain at some point.

Symptoms

• Localised or radiating pain

• Stiffness, especially in the morning or after inactivity

• Muscle spasms

• Limited range of motion

• Pain worsened by bending, lifting, or prolonged sitting

• Numbness or leg pain if nerves are involved

Diagnosis

• Medical history and physical examination

• Assessment of posture, flexibility, and nerve function

• X-rays, MRI, or CT if symptoms persist or neurologic signs appear

• Nerve conduction studies in select cases

Treatment Options

• Activity modification and physiotherapy

• Anti-inflammatory medications

• Heat/ice therapy

• Core-strengthening and posture correction

• Epidural or facet joint injections for persistent pain

• Surgery reserved for nerve compression, instability, or structural abnormalities