Definition

Lower back pain refers to pain or stiffness in the lumbar region, often caused by muscle strain, disc issues, arthritis, or nerve compression.

Prevalence

Extremely common; one of the leading causes of disability worldwide.

Symptoms

• Localised lumbar pain

• Pain radiating to buttocks or legs

• Stiffness after sitting or bending

• Muscle spasms

• Difficulty standing upright

Diagnosis

• Clinical evaluation

• X-ray for degenerative changes

• MRI if nerve symptoms or persistent pain

• Nerve studies in select cases

Treatment Options

• Physiotherapy and core strengthening

• Anti-inflammatory medications

• Heat/ice therapy

• Epidural injections for nerve pain

• Surgical decompression or fusion for resistant, severe cases