Diagram showing three types of cerebrospinal fluid flow obstructions: Type I with a vein of Labbé and fistula, Type II with a transverse sinus blockage, and Type III with an occlusion affecting venous drainage.

dAVF - Dural Arteriovenous Fistulae

Definition

A dural arteriovenous fistula is an abnormal connection between arteries and veins in the dura (outer brain covering), causing abnormal blood flow and pressure changes.

Prevalence

Rare. Represents 10–15% of all intracranial vascular malformations.

Symptoms

  • Pulsatile “whooshing” sound (tinnitus)

  • Headaches

  • Eye redness or swelling

  • Vision problems

  • Neurological deficits if venous pressure increases

  • Risk of haemorrhage depending on venous drainage pattern

Diagnosis

  • MRI and MR angiography

  • CT or MRI for haemorrhage

  • Cerebral angiography (gold standard)

Treatment Options

  • Endovascular embolisation (primary treatment)

  • Microsurgical disconnection in select cases

  • Observation for low-risk, asymptomatic lesions