Degenerative Disc Disease

Diagram of spinal degeneration showing a herniated disc, disc space narrowing, bone spurs, and a degenerated disc.

Definition

Degenerative disc disease refers to age-related wear of the intervertebral discs, leading to reduced disc height, stiffness, and potential nerve irritation.

Prevalence

Extremely common after age 40. Almost universal by age 60, though not everyone develops symptoms.

Symptoms

  • Back or neck pain

  • Stiffness after sitting or bending

  • Pain that improves when standing or walking

  • Radiating pain if nerves are compressed

  • Occasional muscle spasms

Diagnosis

  • Clinical examination

  • X-ray showing disc height loss

  • MRI to assess disc hydration, bulges, or nerve involvement

Treatment Options

  • Physiotherapy and core strengthening

  • Anti-inflammatory medications

  • Activity and posture modification

  • Epidural steroid injections

  • Surgery (disc replacement or fusion) for severe, persistent cases