An illustration showing the lower back pain with a labeled spinal column and shaded red area indicating pain in the lower back.

Herniated Disc (Slipped Disc)

Definition

A herniated disc occurs when the soft inner portion of an intervertebral disc protrudes through its outer layer, potentially compressing nerves.

Prevalence

Common among adults ages 30–55 and a leading cause of back and leg pain.

Symptoms

  • Local or radiating back/neck pain

  • Leg pain (sciatica) or arm pain

  • Numbness or tingling

  • Muscle weakness

  • Pain worsened by coughing, bending, or lifting

Diagnosis

  • Physical examination

  • MRI to identify disc herniation

  • Nerve conduction studies if deficits are unclear

Treatment Options

  • Physiotherapy and activity modification

  • Anti-inflammatory medications

  • Epidural steroid injections

  • Surgery (microdiscectomy) for severe or persistent nerve compression