Definition

Traumatic brain injury is damage to the brain caused by an external force such as a fall, impact, or rapid acceleration. It ranges from mild concussion to severe brain damage.

Prevalence

A common cause of emergency admissions. Highest risk groups include young adults, athletes, and older adults.

Symptoms

• Headache

• Confusion or memory loss

• Dizziness

• Nausea or vomiting

• Seizures (moderate or severe cases)

• Loss of consciousness

• Behavioural or cognitive changes

Diagnosis

• CT scan in acute settings

• MRI for persistent symptoms or subtle injury

• Neurological examination

• Cognitive assessment

• Monitoring for complications such as bleeding or swelling

Treatment Options

• Observation and rest for mild injuries

• Managing headaches, nausea, and sleep disturbances

• Surgery for bleeding or swelling

• Intensive care for severe injuries

Rehabilitation for cognitive and functional recovery