Definition

Arm pain refers to discomfort, aching, sharp pain, or weakness anywhere from the shoulder down to the fingers. It can arise from muscles, tendons, nerves, joints, or blood vessels, and may be caused by injury, overuse, nerve compression, or underlying medical conditions.

Prevalence

Arm pain is extremely common across all age groups. It is one of the most frequent musculoskeletal complaints in primary care and often related to repetitive activity, posture, or nerve irritation.

Symptoms

Symptoms vary depending on the underlying cause and may include:

• Dull or sharp pain in the upper arm, forearm, elbow, or wrist

• Tingling, burning, or numbness (often nerve-related)

• Weakness or reduced grip strength

• Swelling, stiffness, or reduced range of motion

• Pain that worsens with activity or specific movements

• Radiating pain from the neck or shoulder into the arm

Diagnosis

Diagnosis involves:

• History and physical examination

• Assessment of range of motion, strength, and nerve function

• Imaging as needed: X-ray, ultrasound, MRI

• Nerve studies (EMG/NCS) for suspected nerve compression or neuropathy

• Blood tests if inflammation, infection, or systemic disease is suspected

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on the cause and severity:

• Rest and activity modification to reduce strain

• Physiotherapy to improve strength, mobility, and posture

• Anti-inflammatory medications for pain and swelling

• Splints or braces for tendon or nerve irritation (e.g., carpal tunnel)

• Steroid injections for persistent tendon or joint inflammation

• Surgery is reserved for fractures, severe nerve compression, or structural injuries that do not respond to conservative treatment